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    • 专利摘要:
    Metal-organic gels and metal-organic aerogels constructed from polymers of coordination nanofibers. The present invention relates to metal-organic gels and metal-organic aerogels of coordination polymers based on the ligand dithiooxamidate (dto) or rubeanate, as well as its preparation procedure, and its use in catalysis, separation and/or capture of species chemical, environmental remediation, metal recovery, passive sampling, among others. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2579132A1
    申请号:ES201630538
    申请日:2016-04-27
    公开日:2016-08-05
    发明作者:Daniel VALLEJO SÁNCHEZ；Garikoitz BEOBIDE PACHECO；Oscar CASTILLO GARCÍA；Sonia PÉREZ YÁÑEZ；Mónica LANCHAS GONZÁLEZ；Antonio LUQUE ARREBOLA；Pascual ROMÁN POLO
    申请人:Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    METAL-ORGANIC GELS AND METAL-ORGANIC AEROGELSBUILT FROM NANOFIBERS OF POLYMERS OFCOORDINATION Field of the Invention
    The present invention falls within the field of metal-organic gels (MOGs) and metal-organic aerogels (MOAs) of coordination polymers, as well as their method of obtaining , and its use in
    10 catalysis, separation and / or capture of chemical species, environmental remediation, metal recovery, passive sampling, among others. Background of the invention
    Porous coordination polymers, also called MOFs (Metal English
    15 Organic Frameworks), are characterized by presenting unique properties, as well as multiple functionalities, so that during the last years they have been in the center of attention of innumerable works in the area of physical chemistry, materials science or research areas adjacent [Zhou, HC Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 5415-5418].
    Despite the existence of a commercial activity on this type of materials, the applications
    20 of the MOFs adhere to technologies that are still in the demonstration phase (storage of gaseous fuels in vehicles, catalysis, gas treatment, etc.). This is due to a series of limitations that, even today, have coordination polymers such as: a reduced pore size, formed of the material in a post-synthetic stage and a high production price.
    The factor that limits the size of the pores (2-10 nm) is the extent of the organic ligand, in which increasing this size not only implies a synthetic challenge, but can also weaken the stability of the crystalline structure or give rise to to interpenetrated structures. The small pore size of MOFs is especially interesting for the storage and separation of small molecules that interact weakly, where the
    30 cavity tightness reinforces adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. However, the


    reduced pore sizes in most cases involve disadvantages such as prolonged diffusion times or limited accessibility, particularly in applications that are carried out with large molecules such as separation, catalysis or sensory separation of biomolecules or non-polymeric macromolecules [Xuan , W. et al. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1677-1695].
    As for the material forming, MOFs are generally obtained in powder form and their processing as a monolith or tablet implies the use of additives that deteriorate the porous properties [Bazer-Bachi, D. et al., Power Technology, 2014, 255, 52-29]. Although there is an extensive bibliography of synthesis of MOFs, its conformation is not so widely studied, this being one of the limiting points for its application at the industrial level.
    On the other hand, although there are MOFs that are obtained at competitive costs, the cost of many of them is high today, especially when it comes to those that have high values of porosity and pore size.
    A proposal to expand pore size is based on the preparation of metalorganic gels, also known as metallogels. In this aspect, a gel can be defined as a non-fluid colloidal or polymeric network that expands over the entire volume that a liquid occupies. The solid network is characterized by a low density and large pore volume that is occupied by the liquid or solvent in the wet state. Porosity is due to the microstructure, that is, the cross-linking or aggregation of the particles that compose it. Metal-organic gels can be defined as a type of gel in which the solid matrix is formed by coordination complexes of metal ions and organic ligands.
    The metal-organic gel can be used in its wet form (with solvent) or in its dry form (airgel, xerogel or cryogel). By subjecting the gel to a drying process (air, lyophilization, supercritical drying, ...), the solvent molecules are eliminated, creating empty pores. This procedure allows to obtain very porous structures, with pore sizes greater than 20 nm and also having a high specific surface, as well as a markedly low density (generally less than 0.5 g / cm3).
    In addition, the possibility of obtaining them in monolithic form directly without the need for further processing is another notable difference from metal-organic gels and metal-organic aerogels. All this contributes to correcting the aforementioned problems for MOFs.


    Some examples of MOFs that are processed as gels and / or aerogels prepared with different transition metal ions (Fe3 +, Ni2 +, Cu2 +, Cr3 +) and ligands such as trimesate (benzene-1,3,) have been described in the state of the art. 5-tricarboxylate), oxalate, 4-aminopyridine or acetylacetonate. Lohe, M.R. et al. (Chem. Commun., 2009, 6056-6058) describe an airgel of Fe (III) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (airgel of MIL-100 (Fe)), which is proposed as a new route for application of MOFs as catalysts or catalytic supports due to their duality micro- / meso- or macroporous. Xiang, S. et al (J. Mat. Chem., 2012, 22, 1862-1867) refers to metal-organic aerogels based on Cr3 + / Fe3 + and carboxylic ligands. These compounds are constructed from carboxylic ligands to obtain structures inspired, once again, in the known MIL compounds. Yang, Q. et al. (Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2014, 187, 108-113) shows the dependence on the formation process of an Al3 + / Cr3 + airgel and acetylacetonate with various synthesis parameters.
    Aerogels have also been prepared from non-porous coordination polymers (Angulo-Ibañez, A. et al., Polymers, 2016, 8, 16), where a monodimensional polymer of general formula [M (oxalate) is processed (4- aminopyridine) 2] n in the form of meso- / macroporous monolith (pores> 20 nm).
    However, the examples in the literature suffer from a stability that can be comparable to that of conventional porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica or active carbon. This is because the coordination polymers used in metal-organic gels are based on easily reversible coordination bonds.
    Another example, which serves as a background is a metal-organic gel based on a coordination complex Cu (II) -oxalate, (Saha, S., et. Al., Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 9562– 9568) whose polymer takes the form of nanometric fibers between 20 and 45 nm in size. However, given the acid base balance of the ligand and the strength of the metal-oxalate bond, this metal-organic gel exhibits reduced acid / base stability.
    Other examples in the state of the art describe coordination polymers based on different transition metals and the DTO ligand (DTO: dithiooxamidate, also known as rubeanate and by its name IUPAC, ethanedithioamidate), but in no case is a gel obtained (be it metallogel , xerogel, airgel, cryogel, ...), nor nanometric fibers thereof. In Japanese and US reference patents JP5074458 and US2013 / 0306488, respectively, the Cu-DTO coordination complex is obtained in the form of micrometric particles which, once isolated, are used in the manufacture of cathodes for purposes


    electrochemicals In the procedure used, the reaction is carried out by mixing Rubeanic acid and copper sulfate in an aqueous-ethanolic solution, without adding a base, which results in the obtaining of micrometric sized particles. In GB1006120, information is disclosed about an electrolyte containing a polymer formed by the DTO ligand and a transition metal that can be Fe (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) or Co (II). Again, no reference is made to the fact that the product obtained resembles a gel, nor is it composed of nanometric fibers. According to the work of Kitagawa H. et. al., published in Synthetic Metals, 119 (2001) 485-486, a formulation based on a copper coordination polymer with a derivative of DTO forms a two-dimensional structure but not in the form of nanometric fibers. Brief Description of the Invention
    The authors of the present invention have developed a gel based on a metallurgical matrix formed by a network of nanometric fibers of coordination polymers, wherein said metal-organic matrix has a high pore volume and a high specific surface area. In addition, unlike other metal-organic gels, this material is characterized by withstanding well reducing conditions and being stable over a wide range of pH (1-14) and in organic and aqueous solvents.
    The metal-organic gel of the present invention is easily obtainable, chemically and thermally stable and insoluble in most solvents. The key factor in obtaining these resistant materials with improved properties is the use of the dithiooxamidate ligand, which forms especially strong coordination bonds with soft metal ions or intermediate hardness and gives the material high chemical stability.
    On the other hand, the control of the synthesis of the metal-organic gel allows the growth of the coordination polymer in the form of crosslinked nanometric fibers resulting in a three-dimensional structure characterized by presenting, as previously mentioned, high pore volumes and a high specific surface In addition, said synthesis process leads to the formation of gels that enclose a large amount of solvent and allows obtaining the material in the form of the container in which it has been prepared without the need for further processing, so that the form can be controlled of the final product. This fact, together with its high porosity, gives it unique properties as an alternative candidate for porous coordination polymers or MOFs.


    Therefore, a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a metal-organic gel comprising a metal-organic matrix of crosslinked nanometric fibers, wherein said nanometric fibers comprise chains of a coordination polymer of general formula (M-DTO) n, where M is a transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals; DTO is dithiooxamidate; and n is the number of M-DTO repeating units that constitute the coordination polymer with n being a number equal to or greater than 10.
    In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a process (hereinafter process of the invention) for the preparation of a metal-organic gel, wherein said process comprises:
    a) dissolving or dispersing a salt of a transition metal, or a mixture thereof, in an organic solvent, or mixture of at least two organic solvents;
    b) dissolve dithiooxamide and a base in an organic solvent;
    c) mixing the solution or dispersion obtained in step a) with the solution obtained in step b); Y
    d) let the resulting mixture stand until metal-organic gel formation.
    A further aspect of the present invention is a metal-organic gel obtainable according to the process of the preceding inventive aspect.
    In a particular embodiment, the process of the invention further comprises, after step d), a stage of drying under pressure and room temperature. This process leads to the removal of the solvent at a rate that allows the microstructural reorganization of the polymeric network thus resulting in a xerogel.
    Consequently, an additional aspect refers to a xerogel obtainable according to the procedure of the previous paragraph.
    In another particular embodiment, the process of the invention further comprises, after step d), a supercritical drying stage in the presence of a supercritical fluid. This step involves the exchange of the synthesis solvent for a soluble solvent in the supercritical fluid used and subsequent elimination thereof.
    During this process, the liquid inside the gel is extracted, which leads to the formation of an airgel that maintains the three-dimensional structure of crosslinked nanometric fibers of the metal-organic gel.


    Consequently, an additional aspect refers to an airgel obtainable according to the procedure of the previous paragraph.
    The gel and the metal-organic airgel, obtained as described above, are characterized by having a large pore size and volume together with a high accessible surface. In particular, the high pore size makes them excellent candidates for applications such as separation and capture of chemical species or catalysis, since the species of interest can more easily access the active areas of the polymer; contrary to what was observed in the so-called MOFs where small pores make diffusion processes in general difficult.
    In addition, in any of its forms (gel or airgel), the thiol groups that contain the metal-organic matrix on its surface make it very selective towards soft metals such as Hg and Ag, this being also irreversible capture. This feature is particularly interesting because it enables them as passive samplers when determining mercury or its derivatives (methyl-mercury) in rivers, lakes, etc.
    Therefore, a final aspect of the invention is directed to the use of the gel and the airgel as defined in the previous paragraph, in catalytic processes, of separation and / or capture of chemical species, processes of remediation of contaminated water or recovery of metals. and in analytical applications of passive sampling. Brief description of the figures
    Figure 1. Photograph of the metal-organic gel.
    Figure 2. TEM image of a metal-organic gel fragment.
    Figure 3. Optical images (left) and electron microscopy (right) for the metal-organic gel (a), the metal-organic xerogel (b) and the metal-organic airgel (c).
    Figure 4. Stability of metal-organic gels under different conditions. a) Polydentated carboxylic acids (1M): 1-Terephthalic acid; 2-2,3-pyrazinadicarboxylate acid; 3-Trimesic acid; 4-Isophthalic acid; 5-Oxalic acid. b) Amines (1M): 1-Phenylamine; 2 -Diettanediamine; 3 -Pyridine; 4 -N, N ’, N’ ’, N’ ’’ - tetramethylethylenediamine; 5-Diethylenetriamine. c) Conventional solvents: 1-Dichloromethane; 2 -DMSO; 3 -Toluene; 4 -Acetonitrile; 5-Chloroform; 6-Diethyl ether; 7 -Pentane; 8 -Acetone. d) pH: From 14-1 se


    refers to the pH value adjusted with NaOH or with H2SO4. The vial numbered 0 is a concentrated solution of 96% H2SO4. e) Others: 1 -NO3 69%; 2 -HCl 37%; 3 -CH3COOH pure; 4 -NH3 25%; 5 -H2O2 30%; 6-I2 0.2 M; 7 -NaBH4 2.8 M; 8 -KNO3 1M;
    9: 1M NaCl.
    5 Figure 5. Image showing the capture (in percentage) of metals in the metalorganic gels by immersion of the gel in aqueous solution of different metal concentrations for 24 hours. Detailed description of the invention
    The first aspect of the invention is a metal-organic gel comprising a metal-organic matrix of crosslinked nanometric fibers, wherein said nanometric fibers comprise chains of a coordination polymer of general formula (M-DTO) n, where M is a transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals; DTO is dithiooxamidate; and n is the number of repetitive units M-DTO that constitute the polymer
    15 of coordination being n a number equal to or greater than 10.
    Throughout this specification and in the appended claims, the term "metal-organic gel" should be understood as a structure comprising a metal-organic matrix dispersed in an organic liquid. In the context of the present invention, the metal-organic matrix corresponds to a structure consisting of a network of nanometric fibers
    20 cross-linked, wherein said nanometric fibers comprise a uni-dimensional coordination polymer based on repetitive units of a transition metal and an organo-ligand organically linked.
    The term "nanometric fibers" means continuous polymer filament structures whose diameter is equal to or less than 100 nm.
    In a preferred embodiment, the nanofibers have a diameter between 2 and 100 nm, preferably between 2 and 50 nm, more preferably between 5 and 40 nm, and even more preferably between 5 and 20 nm.
    In another preferred embodiment, the nanofibers have a length between 0.1 and 10 µm, preferably between 0.1 and 8 µm, more preferably between 0.1 and 5 µm, even more
    30 preferably between 0.2 and 2 µm.


    In the present invention, the organic ligand of the coordination polymer, dithiooxamidate, is the conjugated base of the dithiooxamide (H2DTO; CAS: 79-40-3) compound also known as rubeanic acid or ethanedithioamide and of chemical formula C2H4N2S2:
    5 Said organic ligand is bis-bidentate coordinated to two transition metals forming a bridge -κ2N, S: κ2N´, S´. Thus, the molecular structure of the coordination polymer can be described according to the following formula (I):
    H
    SNSNS
    NH2 M
    SN SNSH2N H H
    n
    (I)
    10 where M is the transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals and n are the repetitive units M-DTO that constitute the coordination polymer.
    In a particular embodiment, the transition metal is selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Au, Cd, Pt and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the transition metal is selected from Ni, Cu, Pd and mixtures thereof, more preferably it is Pd.
    Said transition metals are in the coordination polymer in the form of metal ions, such as Cr3 +, Mn3 +, Mn2 +, Fe3 +, Fe2 +, Co3 +, Co2 +, Ni3 +, Ni2 +, Cu2 +, Cu +, Zn2 +, Pd2 +, Pd +, Ag +, Au +, Cd2 +, Pt2 +, Pt +.
    In a particular embodiment, the index n is a number such that the molecular weight of the coordination polymer is between 1,769 and 235,245 kDa, more preferably between 29,361 and
    20 117,976 kDa.
    The metal-organic gel of the present invention is characterized by an improved chemical stability, especially against acidic pH, organic solvents and reducing conditions, due to the strength of the coordination bond that the DTO ligand establishes with the transition metals. Figure 4 shows the stability of metal-organic gels before


    different conditions such as coordinating environments, organic solvents, pH, weak oxidizing environments, reducing environments and saline solutions.
    In addition, compared to MOFs, they have the advantages cited for metal-organic gels since the metal-organic gel of the invention is obtained with high volumes and pore sizes (> 15 nm), it can be prepared in monolithic form without a post-synthetic processing, and is synthesized using a simple and commercially accessible ligand, such as dithiooxamide.
    Thus, in a particular embodiment, the metal-organic matrix has a pore volume between 1 and 10 cm3 / g. In another particular embodiment, the metal-organic matrix has an average pore size between 3 and 50 nm.
    In another particular embodiment, the metal-organic matrix constituting the metal-organic gel has a high specific surface area, more particularly said specific surface area is between 100 and 800 m2 / g.
    "Specific surface" means the surface area of the metal-organic matrix divided by its mass (expressed in m2 / g).
    In a particular embodiment, the metal-organic gel comprises between 60 and 99% by weight of solvent in which the metal-organic matrix comprising the network of crosslinked nanometric fibers is dispersed.
    Said solvent is filling the pores that are formed during the formation of the metal-organic matrix constituted by the framework of cross-linked nanofibers.
    In a second aspect, the invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a metal-organic gel. Said procedure comprises:
    a) dissolving or dispersing a salt of a transition metal, or a mixture thereof, in an organic solvent, or mixture of at least two organic solvents;
    b) dissolve dithiooxamide and a base in an organic solvent;
    C) mixing the solution or dispersion obtained in step a) with the solution obtained in step b); Y
    d) let the resulting mixture stand until metal-organic gel formation.


    In step a) of the process of the invention, a solution or dispersion of a salt of a transition metal, or mixture thereof, is prepared in an organic solvent or mixture of at least two organic solvents.
    In a particular embodiment, the transition metal salt is selected from nitrate, chloride, perchlorate, bromide, sulfate, acetate and other organic carboxylates preferably acetate and other organic carboxylates, more preferably it is acetate. The degree of hydration (water molecules) of the salt should not be relevant, as long as the reagent purity is taken into account when preparing the solution.
    In another particular embodiment, the metal salt used is based on the transition metals selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Au, Cd, Pt and mixtures thereof, more preferably Ni, Cu, Pd or mixture thereof, and in particular Pd.
    The solution or dispersion of the transition metal salt is prepared in organic medium, without adding water. The organic solvent used is selected based on the best conditions of gelation and fiber formation. In a particular embodiment, the organic solvent employed is selected from N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); N, N-diethylformamide (DEF); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, iso-or n-propanol, butanol; tetrahydrofuran and mixture thereof.
    The amount of organic solvent will depend on the desired concentration. Thus, in another particular embodiment, the concentration of transition metal salt in the organic solvent is between 0.5 and 500 mM, preferably between 25 and 100 mM. However, the optimal concentrations are different depending on the metal. Thus, 85 mM for Pd-DTO, 25 mM for Cu-DTO, 75 mM for Ni-DTO and 50 mM for heteronuclear compounds such as NiPd-DTO, NiCu-DTO and PdCu-DTO are more preferably used.
    In a preferred embodiment, the transition metal salt is a Ni, Cu or Pd acetate and the solvent is DMSO.
    In step b) of the process of the invention, the dithiooxamide ligand (H2DTO) is added to an organic solution further comprising a base.
    In a particular embodiment, the base is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, ammonia and alkylamines such as diethylamine and triethylamine, more


    preferably alkylamines such as diethylamine and triethylamine and even more preferably triethylamine is used. The base is used to promote deprotonation of the ligand.
    In another particular embodiment, the solvent is selected from N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); N, N-diethylformamide (DEF); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, iso-or n-propanol, butanol; tetrahydrofuran and mixture thereof. Preferably, the organic solvent is DMSO.
    Even more preferably, the organic solvent used in step b) is the same as the organic solvent used in step a) of the process of the invention.
    Since the nanometric fibers in the final product comprise repeat units of stoichiometric ratio 1: 1 (Metal-Ligand), the concentration to be obtained from ligand must be the same as that obtained in step a) for the dissolution of metal. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the concentration of ligand in the organic solution is between 0.5 and 500 mM, preferably between 25 and 100 mM, and even more preferably 85 mM for Pd-DTO, 25 mM for Cu-DTO, 75 mM for Ni-DTO and 50 mM for heteronuclear compounds such as NiPd-DTO, NiCu-DTO and PdCu-DTO.
    In the event that the metal salt used is not soluble in the organic solvent, a dispersion will be obtained instead of a solution. However, this detail is not significant for obtaining the desired product.
    In step c), the two solutions a) and b), or the dispersion a) plus the solution b) are mixed in case the salt of the transition metal is not soluble in the organic solvent.
    In a preferred embodiment, the solution containing the DTO ligand is added continuously and only once on the solution or dispersion of the transition metal.
    Preferably, the resulting mixture is subjected to stirring or sonication. In the case of using stirring, a preferred embodiment is that the mixture is stirred between 100 and 2000 rpm, more preferably at 800 rpm. In the case of sonication mixing, a preferred embodiment is that a frequency between 5 and 40 kHz, more preferably 16 kHz, be used. The mixture of a) and b) is preferably made in a temperature range between 0 and 50 ° C, more preferably between 10 and 30 ° C.
    In step d) of the process of the invention, the mixture obtained is allowed to stand, to age until the formation of the metal-organic gel. In a particular embodiment, the mixture is allowed to age for 1 and 48 hours, more preferably for 24 hours.


    The synthesis process of the invention leads to the formation of a metal-organic gel that encloses a large amount of solvent, particularly between 60 and 99% by weight with respect to the total weight of the metal-organic gel. In addition, it allows it to acquire the shape of the container in which it has been prepared, so that the shape of the final product can be controlled, designing it for example in the form of a monolith, and without being necessary, therefore, a post-forming process -synthesis.
    The metal-organic gel thus obtained is characterized by withstanding well reducing conditions and being stable over a wide range of pH (1-14) and in organic and aqueous solvents. It also has a high porosity.
    Consequently, a further aspect of the present invention is a metalorganic gel obtainable according to the process of the invention described above.
    In a preferred embodiment, the metal-organic gel obtained according to the process of the invention is subjected to a first stage of washing with organic solvents that leads to the removal of the remaining reagents and the synthesis solvents. Preferably, a solvent is used where the reagents and by-products are soluble, more preferably the synthesis solvent.
    In a second stage, the metal-organic gel devoid of unreacted species is washed. For this step the use of solvents that are soluble in CO2 is preferred, for example alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, more preferably ethanol.
    Additionally, the organic solvent initially incorporated in the polymer matrix may be exchanged for another solvent without requiring that it be an organic solvent. In a particular embodiment, said exchange solvent may be water.
    In another preferred embodiment, the metal-organic gel obtained according to the process of the invention is subjected to a drying process at ambient pressure, in order to obtain a metal-organic xerogel. In this case, drying can be carried out at room temperature or, to accelerate the process, at higher temperatures (50-150 ° C) in an oven.
    Preferably, the temperature ranges between 100 and 120 ° C, while the pressure is usually around 1 bar.
    Even more preferably, this drying process is performed on a metallurgical gel containing an organic solvent as a volatile solvent, such as an alcohol. Said solvent may be the one used for the preparation of


    the precursor solutions that lead to the obtaining of the metal-organic gel or that used in an eventual washing stage as previously described.
    The drying process at ambient pressure and temperature allows the removal of the organic solvent, or the exchange solvent, and leads to a xerogel. Through this process, the solvent present in the metal-organic gel is removed at a rate that allows the reorganization of the microstructure that make up the nanofibers, causing them to collapse and stack to give rise to a framework virtually devoid of porosity but chemically identical to the gel and metallurgical airgel.
    In another preferred embodiment, the metallogel obtained according to the process of the invention is subjected to a supercritical drying process.
    Supercritical drying should be understood as a process of removing the solvent contained in the metal-organic gel above its critical point, or by a process of exchanging said solvent for a supercritical fluid followed by evaporation of said fluid at a temperature higher than Its critical temperature.
    If the solvent contained in the metal-organic gel is not soluble in the supercritical fluid, said solvent is previously exchanged for a solvent soluble in said supercritical fluid.
    After the exchange of the initial solvent (the gel synthesis one), the new solvent is exchanged for a fluid under subcritical conditions. Next, the temperature of the gel immersed in the fluid is raised (all within a sealed container equipped with the necessary valves for proper operation) until the critical point of the chosen fluid is exceeded. Finally, under isothermal conditions, the pressure is gradually reduced to its environmental value.
    In a preferred embodiment, the supercritical fluid is CO2. In this case, supercritical drying is performed by initially immersing the metal-organic gel in liquid CO2 at a temperature between 15 and 30 ° C and at a pressure between 35 and 60 bar. Subsequently, the resulting material is dried under supercritical conditions, that is, by increasing the temperature above the critical temperature of CO2 (from 31 ° C) and at a pressure between 60 and 150 bar. Finally, the pressure is lowered under isothermal conditions until the ambient pressure is reached.


    If the solvent contained in the metal-organic gel is not soluble in CO2, an exchange of said solvent is initially carried out for a solvent soluble in CO2, such as for example an alcohol or an alkane. Said exchange can be carried out in conditions close to 20 ° C and 50 bar. Subsequently, supercritical drying is performed under the same conditions described above, that is, by bringing the system above the critical temperature of CO2 (31 ° C) and at a pressure between 60 and 150 bar, and subsequently, relaxing the pressure in conditions isotherms until reaching the environmental pressure.
    This supercritical drying process allows the removal of the solvent contained in the metal-organic gel resulting in the obtaining of a metal-organic airgel.
    In addition, it has been observed that a supercritical drying of the metal-organic gel allows it to retain its initial shape, that is, it maintains the three-dimensional structure of the metalorganic matrix formed by the network of cross-linked nanometric fibers, thus giving rise to a highly porous material.
    Therefore, a further aspect of the present invention is an airgel obtainable according to the procedure described above.
    The term "metal-organic airgel" should therefore be understood in the context of the present invention as a porous network of the same or very similar structure to that of the metal-organic gel that gave rise to it, but without the solvent.
    In a preferred embodiment, the airgel is characterized by having pore volumes comprised between 1 and 10 cm3 / g. This allows to obtain a material with a high specific surface area, in particular the specific surface of the airgel can take values that vary between 100 and 800 m2 / g. The surface area values can be calculated using the BET model [Brunauer, S. et. to the. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 309].
    Thanks to this drying, a material of very low apparent densities is obtained, preferably between 0.5 and 0.01 g / cm3, compared to its real density (between 2.0 and 3.5 g / cm3).
    Through measures of adsorption isotherms of N2 at 77 K, it is revealed that aerogels have an important meso-and macroporous contribution, although the average pore size is between 2 and 30 nm (mesopore interval).
    In a particular embodiment, the nanometric fibers comprised in the airgel have a diameter equal to or less than 100 nm, preferably between 2 and 100 nm,


    preferably between 2 and 50 nm, more preferably between 5 and 40 nm, and even more preferably between 5 and 20 nm.
    In another particular embodiment, the nanometric fibers comprised in the airgel have a length between 0.1 and 10 µm, preferably between 0.1 and 8 µm, more preferably between 0.1 and 5 µm, even more preferably between 0.2 and 2 µm.
    Due to the chemical stability of the gels and aerogels of the invention (Figure 4), derived mainly from the strength of the links between the transition metal and the DTO ligand, as well as its high pore size and high specific surface area, They are excellent candidates for applications in catalytic processes, separation and / or capture of chemical species, processes of remediation of contaminated water or recovery of metals and in analytical applications of passive sampling.
    Particularly relevant is also its application for the selective capture of soft metals. The thiol groups that contain the airgel on its surface make it very selective towards soft metals such as Hg and Ag, being this irreversible capture. This feature is particularly interesting because it enables them as passive samplers when determining mercury or its derivatives (methyl-mercury) in rivers, lakes, etc.
    Consequently, the airgel of the present invention can be used in processes that require easy permeability of chemical species due to the mesoporous nature and high specific surface area. In this context, as particular embodiments of the present invention, the airgel obtainable according to the procedure described above can be used in chemical catalysis, separation and / or capture of chemical species, remediation processes of contaminated water or recovery of metals and in analytical applications. as passive sampling. Throughout this report and in the appended claims, the "capture of chemical species" should be understood as the irreversible immobilization of chemical species, which may be, and are not restricted to, free molecules in solution or in the gas phase, solvates and / or salts, cationic or anionic species and chemical elements. In this context, "remediation processes of contaminated water" should be understood as those processes that allow the capture of chemical species in waters that belong to the group of chemical pollutants, that is, any organic / inorganic substance in quantity that produces a irritant, corrosive, suffocating or toxic effect on animals or plants. Likewise,


    "Metal recovery" should be understood as the capture of chemical species that belong to the group of metals and metalloids. In this report and in the appended claims, the technique of "passive sampling" should be understood as the collection of chemical species controlled by a physical process such as diffusion, or permeability through the metal-organic framework.
    Example 1. Preparation of metal-organic gel 0.933 g of Ni (OAc) 2 was dissolved in 48 mL of DMF / DMA (60:40 vol: vol) with the help of a sonic tip at 80% of its power for 2 minutes . The ligand solution was prepared by dissolving 0.451 g of dithiooxamide in 2 mL of DMF / DMA (60:40 vol: vol) together with 523 µL of triethylamine. The solution of the dithiooxamidate ligand was added suddenly on the metal dispersion. This addition process was carried out in an ultrasonic bath (ULTRASONS-H, Selecta) at a temperature of 15 ° C until a change in the viscosity of the sample (5 minutes) was visually observed. Once the metal-organic gel acquired adequate consistency, it was left at room temperature for a day. The sample was washed following the following procedure: the metalorganic gel was first immersed in DMF to remove the unreacted species (24 h) and then washed with DMF / ethanol mixtures (every 24 h). Finally, the exchange was carried out with pure ethanol (24 h). Figure 1 shows an image obtained by electronically transmitted microscopy (TEM) of a metal-organic gel fragment taken in a Philips CM200. On the other hand, Figure 2 corresponds to a photograph of the metal-organic gel in which it is observed that the metal-organic gel maintains the shape of the container where it has been synthesized.
    Example 2. Preparation of the metal-organic xerogel The corresponding xerogel was prepared by drying the metallogel obtained in example 1 at room temperature and pressure.
    Example 3. Preparation of the metal-organic airgel
    The corresponding airgel was prepared using an E3100 supercritical drying equipment of the Quorum Technologies brand equipped with gas inlet valves, venting and purging, and a thermal bath. First the metal-organic gel obtained was immersed following the procedure


    from example 1 in liquid CO2 at 20 ° C and 50 bar for one hour. After that, the ethanol was removed by the purge valve. This process was repeated five times. Then, the sample was dried under supercritical conditions increasing the temperature and pressure to 38 ° C and 85-95 bar. Finally, the chamber was vented to atmospheric pressure gradually keeping it at a constant temperature (38 ºC).
    Figure 3 shows electron microscopy images corresponding to a gel, a xerogel and a Ni-DTO airgel synthesized according to the procedure described in Examples 1-3. From these images, in the case of the gel and the airgel, a very porous structure can be seen in accordance with the high values of pore volume (3.0 cm3 / g) and specific surface area (406 m2 / g).
    Example 4. Stability tests of the metal-organic gel
    Different samples of a metal-organic gel obtained following the procedure described in example 1 were subjected to different conditions:
    1) Solutions of polydentated carboxylic acids (1M):
    Terephthalic acid; 2,3-pyrazinadicarboxylate acid; Trimesic acid; Isophthalic acid; Oxalic acid.
    2) Amines Solutions (1M):
    Pentylamine; Dietanoldiamine; Pyridine; N, N ’, N’ ’, N’ ’’ - tetramethylethylenediamine; Diethylenetriamine
    3) Conventional solvents:
    Dichloromethane; DMSO; Toluene; Acetonitrile; Chloroform; Diethyl ether; Pentane; Acetone.
    4) Solutions at different pH (1-14) adjusted with NaOH or with H2SO4.
    5) Others:
    HNO3 69%; HCl 37%; Pure CH3COOH; NH3 25%; H2O2 30%; 0.2 M I2; NaBH4 2.8 M; 1M KNO3; 1M NaCl
    Figure 4 shows how the metal-organic gel is stable in any of the conditions to which it has been subjected, without its structure being altered. In particular, the stability presented at different pH values, both acidic and basic, is remarkable.


    These tests have revealed the stability shown by the metal-organic gel of the invention at different pH values, which broadens its range of performance as metal capturers. It should be added that other metal-organic gels suffer from low pH stability, which disables them for use in applications that impose conditions extremely
    5 acids
    Example 5. Selective metal capture tests
    Different tests were carried out by immersing 1 g of metal-organic gel obtained following the procedure of Example 1 for 24 h in aqueous solutions at different concentrations of the following metals: Cu, Ag, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd and Co. All Solutions were adjusted to low pH values (1-3), however, as evidenced in the previous example, the metal-organic gel remained stable even at these extreme conditions. The concentrations of each metallic species were determined by ICP-AES (coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
    15 inductively) before and after exposure to the metal-organic gel.
    Figure 5 shows the results of the capture made, being especially effective in the case of Cd2 +, Pb2 +, Cu2 +, Hg2 + and Ag +. The initial concentration of the metal ion in the solution is represented on the abscissa axis, while the percentage of recovery or removal of the metal ion relative to its initial concentration is shown on the ordinate axis.
    20 As an example, if the percentage is 90%, it would indicate that the content of a 10 ppm solution of a metal ion is reduced to 1 ppm.

    权利要求:
    Claims (22)
    [1]
    one. A metal-organic gel comprising a metal-organic matrix of crosslinked nanometric fibers, characterized in that said nanometric fibers comprise chains of a coordination polymer of general formula (M-DTO) n, where M is a transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals; DTO is dithiooxamidate; and n is the number of M-DTO repeating units that constitute the coordination polymer with n being a number equal to or greater than 10.
    [2]
    2. Metal-organic gel according to claim 1, characterized in that the nanometric fibers have a diameter of between 2 and 100 nanometers.
    [3]
    3. Metal-organic gel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the nanometric fibers have a length between 0.1 and 10 µm.
    [4]
    Four. Metal-organic gel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that M is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Au, Cd, Pt and mixture of the same.
    [5]
    5. Metal-organic gel according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it also comprises between 60 and 99% by weight of a solvent with respect to the total weight of the metal-organic gel.
    [6]
    6. A process for the preparation of a metal-organic gel as defined in claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said process comprises:
    a) dissolving or dispersing a salt of a transition metal, or a mixture thereof, in an organic solvent, or mixture of at least two organic solvents;
    b) dissolve dithiooxamide and a base in an organic solvent;
    c) mixing the solution or dispersion obtained in step a) with the solution obtained in step b); Y
    d) let the resulting mixture stand until the metalorganic gel forms.
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the metal salt of

    transition is selected from nitrate, chloride, perchlorate, bromide, sulfate, acetate and other organic carboxylates.
    [8]
    8. Method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the transition metal salt is selected from a salt of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Au, Cd, Pt, and mixture of the same.
    [9]
    9. Process according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the organic solvent used in step a) and the organic solvent used in step b) are independently selected from N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); N, N-diethylformamide (DEF); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, iso-or npropanol, butanol; tetrahydrofuran and mixture thereof.
    [10]
    10. Process according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the base used in step b) is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, ammonia and alkylamine.
    [11]
    eleven. A metal-organic gel obtainable according to the procedure defined in any one of claims 6 to 10.
    [12]
    12. Method according to any of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that it also comprises at least one step of washing the metal-organic gel.
    [13]
    13. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one washing step is carried out in the presence of an alcohol.
    [14]
    14. Method according to any one of claims 6 to 10 and 12 to 13, characterized in that it further comprises a step of drying the metalorganic gel under ambient temperature and pressure conditions.
    [15]
    fifteen. A metal-organic xerogel obtainable according to the method defined in claim 14.
    [16]
    16. Method according to any one of claims 6 to 10 and 12 to 13, characterized in that it also comprises a supercritical drying step of the metal-organic gel.
    [17]
    17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that the supercritical drying is performed by initially immersing the metal-organic gel in liquid CO2, and subsequently, imposing supercritical conditions for drying with a

    temperature greater than 31 ºC and a pressure between 60 and 150 bar.
    [18]
    18. A metal-organic airgel obtainable according to the procedure defined in any one of claims 16 to 17.
    [19]
    19. Metal-organic airgel according to claim 18 characterized in that it has a specific surface area between 100 and 800 m2 / g.
    [20]
    twenty. Metal-organic airgel according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that it has pore volumes between 1 and 10 cm3 / g.
    [21]
    twenty-one. Metal-organic airgel according to any one of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that it has an average pore size between 2 and 30 nm.
    [22]
    22 Use of a gel as defined in any of claims 1 to 5 and 11 or of a metal-organic airgel as defined in any of claims 18 to 21, in catalytic processes, separation and / or capture of chemical species , processes of remediation of contaminated water or recovery of metals and in analytical applications such as passive sampling.

    FIGURES
    Figure 1
    Figure 2

    (to)
    (b)
    (c) Figure 3

    Figure 4

    Figure 5
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    ES2579132B1|2017-05-19|
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    引用文献:
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    US3437677A|1967-05-23|1969-04-08|Mallinckrodt Chemical Works|N,n'-dioleyldithiooxamide and polyvalent metal complexes thereof|
    WO2011010289A2|2009-07-21|2011-01-27|Anglo Operations Limited|Leaching process for recovery of precious metals|
    CN109569449B|2018-12-11|2021-05-11|海南大学|Metal organogel, preparation method thereof and Al-doped metal organogel prepared by using metal organogel3+Visual detection method|
    CN110368999A|2019-08-16|2019-10-25|深圳先进技术研究院|A kind of catalyst and its preparation method and application|
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